The Bomba and Plena of the South Bronx
At Jazz on the Tube we focus on Cuba, but the Caribbean is full of musical treasure islands: Trinidad, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and that’s just scratching the surface.
One place is particularly important to the development American music: Puerto Rico.
Puerto Rico? Yes, Puerto Rico
The contribution of Puerto Rican musicians to the development of American music is very deep and rich, but here are a few highlights:
1. When the pioneering black American bandleader James Reese Europe needed musicians for his band to take to Europe to perform for the troops and civilians during World War I he went to Puerto Rico to recruit his reed players.
It was the first exposure Europeans had to Afro-American band music and as Noble Sissle said, it was this band that first brought the “Jazz germ” to France way back in 1918.
James Reese Europe: “We won France by playing music which was ours and not a pale imitation of others, and if we are to develop in America we must develop along our own lines.” The reed section that helped pull off this creative feat came from Puerto Rico.
2. Puerto Rican born and educated Juan Tizol is best known as a virtuosic trombonist and the composer of jazz standards like “Caravan” and “Perdido,” but beyond that he was Duke Ellington’s “secret weapon” during the particularly fertile period of Ellington’s career from 1929 through 1944.
Tizol was not only the “rock” of the trombone section (his technique was flawless and his tone blended beautifully with the reed section), he also worked closely with Ellington on arrangements and was the one who actually produced the band’s charts.
3. Tito Puente, El Ray (“The King”), what more can we say?
A Nuyorican, a Puerto Rican born in New York City, Puente was not only one of the three “Mambo Kings” of the legendary Cuban-dominated Palladium Ballroom, he was also the most important figure in the development and evolution of Latin Jazz in North America and around the world as a performer, composer, bandleader, and educator.
Puente was the great ambassador of Latin music. His life mission was summed up beautifully in the words of one his compositions which became a hit for Carlos Santana:
“Oye como va mi ritmo”…”Listen to how my rhythm goes.”
Bomba and Plena
Bomba and Plena are Puerto Rican “roots” musics.
To my heart, mind and ear there are as significant to the world’s music culture as Cuba’s rumba.
Like the Cuban rumba, they are a living examples of “music in, by, and for community. ”
Very short history:
Bomba is the older form. It dates back to the first Africans in Puerto Rico in the 17th century. It’s both a political music and a social music for celebration and community. It received influences from around the Caribbean including Cuba, Haiti and the Dominican Republic.
Follkways Records says Bomba utilizes sixteen different rhythms. The instruments are the “subidor” or “primo” (a big barrel shaped drum), maracas, and the “cua” or “fua”, two sticks played against the wood of the barrel drum or a piece of wood. Dance improvised in partnership with the drummers is an essential part of the art.
Plena developed from bomba in the beginning of the 20th century in southern Puerto Rico. It has one primary rhythm and is characterized by the use of the “pandereta,” a round drum that comes in a variety of sizes. The improvising soloist drum, the smallest and highest pitched, is the “requinto.”
Plena lyrics talk about the news, political protest, and are often satirical.
The Bomba and Plena you’re listening to here went through TWO crucibles:
First, the experience of Africans kidnapped, terrorized and brought to Puerto Rico to work in the sugar fields and mills of the Caribbean.
Second, the experience of Puerto Ricans moving from their tropical, largely agricultural, Spanish-speaking island to New York City, a cold, Anglo, urban environment where they were discriminated against and lived in areas of the city that failed to receive basic services other neighborhoods took for granted.
The South Bronx of the 70s and 80s, a community which was and is home to tens of thousands of Puerto Ricans, became a global symbol of government neglect and social despair.
The casita (small, informal house) and surrounding garden was called the Rincon Criollo and is also popularly known as the La Casita de Chema. (The original casita was moved a block away a few years ago.)
Casitas are now found throughout the South Bronx and there’s even one in East Harlem.
They are centers of community life for all generations and, especially in the case of La Casita de Chema, important centers for education and performance.
The video above was filmed the final day of Bomplenazo 2016, a biannual, multi-day event hosted by Hostos Community College in the Bronx.
The place: La Casita de Chema
The date: October 9, 2016
The event was scheduled to go from noon to 5 PM.
I arrived at around 1 PM and when I left at 6 PM the place was still rocking.
If you’re in New York City or planning to visit, finding events like this is not easy.
My best advice: Use the Jazz on the Tube Afro-Latin music venues in New York City list and visit each link. This will improve your odds of catching something spectacular, and all-but-unadvertised.
Five books that will help you dig deeper into the astonishing creative fertility of Puerto Rico and the Puerto Rican people:
Puerto Rican Pioneers in Jazz: Bomba Beats to Latin Jazz
Basilio Serrano
Tito Puente and the Making of Latin Music
by Steven Loza
The Book of Salsa: A Chronicle of Urban Music from the Caribbean to New York City
Cesar Miguel Rondon
The Latin Tinge: The Impact of Latin American Music on the United States
John Storm Roberts
Latin Jazz: The First of the Fusions
John Storm Roberts
More from La Casita de Chema
Click here: The emergency in Puerto Rico is not over: How to help
– Ken McCarthy
Jazz on the Tube
Stan Getz